Shortly after Gulf war (G.W) thousands of war veterans referred with sign and symptoms of an unknown disease called G.W illness. Despite multiple studies undertaken by several non-governmental and governmental centers this illness remains unclassified and can not be coded by international classification of disease (I.C.D). The etiology has not been found and the illness appears to be multifactorial and basically related to use of depleted uranium (D.U) weapons, chemical warfare (C.W) and biological agents. This article reviews this illness and the adverse effects of D.U and B.c.W agents in the G.W battlefields.

Optimization of standard methods of marine compounds leads to acquire chitin and chitosan with highest purity from chitinous wastes and shells with extensive use in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. In this research, Litopenaeus vannamei and Portunus pelagicus shells were used as wastes to extract these valuable compounds. For this reason, two extraction methods were applied for chitin. The first method was deproteinization with 10%NaOH, demineralization with 15% HCL, degreasing with 15% NaOH and decoloration with aceton. While, the second method carried out applying decoloration first with 3% sodium hypochlorite, demineralization by 1M HCL and then deproteinization with 1M NaOH. Chitosan was extracted by deacetylation of acquired chitin. Results indicated that the percentage of extracted chitin from shrimp and crab shells in first method were 75. 3% and 58% and in second method were 30. 26% and 37. 8%, respectively. Therefore, the first extraction method was selected for chitosan isolation. The amount of chitin found in claw and legs of the crab was (58% ± 0. 07) and segments of shrimp body was (81% ± 0. 12) which was higher than the amount of chitin in carapace shells (P <0. 05). The percentage of extracted chitosan from shrimp and crab shells were 29. 3% and 31. 02%, respectively. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan obtained from chitinous shells of two species in this research were 45% (Shrimp shells) and 52. 63% (crab shells), respectively. Use of waste chitinous shells of shrimp and crab species will be useful for both remediation of wastes from environment and increment the manufacture of economically important marine products.

There is no doubt that with the normalization of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia after a long period of tension, one of the most key results of this agreement, that is, its impact on the security relations between Iran and the Arab world, and at the center of it, Iran and the Persian Gulf, is of particular importance. will be. Yemen, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, during the past years, have always been the scene of indirect confrontation between these two regional powers. But the question is, what is the reason for these tensions? What effect has the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia had on the continuation of this cold war, and more importantly, what effect will this informal understanding have on the economic, political and security-military dimensions of Iran and other Persian Gulf countries? Some believe that the tensions between the two countries are caused by the endangerment of the oil-economic interests of these countries, some believe that this fear is caused by the possible increase of Iran's influence in the region, and in the opinion of others, the Arabs are worried about America's tendency towards Iran and perhaps attention less the United States to them. But perhaps these reactions can be explained in the form of defensive realism and according to "Taliaferro" one of its four main assumptions, i.e., the "security enigma", by means of which, every action of a government to increase its security, on the part of governments The competitor is considered as a hostile action. The following article tries to answer this question by assuming that the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia, as a factor that caused the security puzzle in the relations between the Arab world and Iran, both before and after it was achieved.

A total of 98 marine mammal records from Iranian coastal waters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman were compiled of which 66 are previously unpublished new records. Seventynine were from the Persian Gulf and 16 from the Gulf of Oman coast. The largest numbers of records were from Qeshm Island and Bushehr Provinces. Records of finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), Indo-pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and Indopacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) were by far the most numerous probably reflecting their inshore distribution and local abundance. Other species recorded are common dolphin (Delphinus capensis tropicalis), rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), and dugong (Dugong dugon).Evidence of 22 Mysticetes were obtained eight of which were tentatively identified as Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni), three as fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and three as Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). The largest threat to marine mammals in Iran is likely to be incidental capture in fishing gear. Six by caught finless porpoises were recorded and this species may be particularly vulnerable to incidental mortality in gillnets.Recommended marine mammal research, conservation and management small projects in Iran are described.

Khark and Kharko Islands are located at far northern point of fringing coral reefs in the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf. These coralline are the habitats of the wildlife refuge with total area of 2400ha and located in the territory of Bushehr province. The present study was carried out from July 2006 to June 2007 over 12 stations. Sampling was conducted obliquely from bottom using Bongo-net plankton sampler with 500m of mesh size. In total, 1808 specimens, both in pre and post flexion stages were collected and examined. They were belonging to 45 families from different ecological groups (21 coralline and 24 non coralline fish larvae families). 96% of examined fish larvae were in preflexion stage. Some families are new ones from the area. Among identified families, Clupeidae, Blenniidae, Sillaginidae, Atherinidae and Tripterygiidae; were dominant families in studied area and the peaks were estimated in spring. The mean abundance of total fish larvae was 18.71 per 10m² of sea surface. The most abundant families were Clupeidae, Sillaginidae, Blenniidae, Atherinidae and Tripterygiidae in which comprised 65% of fish larvae. Abundance in spring showed significant difference with other seasons. The distribution Pattern of fish larvae changed seasonally in both groups, increasing in east coasts of Khark Island and in three coastal stations during summer and autumn and in west coast of Khark in spring. The distribution of fish larvae seemed to be correlated to sea currents.

The historic environment as a living organism that comes some of the buildings that are be worn detrimental to the function of natural and human factors in damage over time, . Based on the rules governing the urban fabric as well as will be facing the formation and deployment of new buildings. New structures in the historic environment the verdict dynamic living environment grow and have to be seen it as a reality and meet the needs of the people associated with the time. Precision in concept and approach the new era of the past we should acknowledge that category as the new structures is considered something new historical environment. This issue arises from the phenomenon known as the historic environment, in turn, is emerging. Because of the characteristics of modern thought is essentially a historical look at things. This kind of attitude on the part cut off from the past, tradition, history and monuments of the past have shaped. And therefore it is obviously in the process of growth and development in urban structure, will be separation of form and content structure of new construction and historic environment Paper seeks to achieve the strategies, principles of intervention for designers to design new structures in historic areas. Guidelines are not fixed, but comprehensive, so that can be used in various situations and the specific characteristics of a variety of conditions and values are inherent in any consistent historical context. For this purpose, in order to achieve a global approach to this issue, the international agreements that have are examined to introduce internationally accepted principles. Following the study design strategies, principles and design in the historic environment is presented at the end approaches. Therefore, the theoretical foundations of new structures in the historical context and the factors considered in the design arises In addition to the urban part, due to the sex of their design and respect for the historical context and historical context will improve and restore the environment.

Density and seasonal changes of polychaet communities in Tiab estuary, located in Hormozgan province, were studied at different seasons in 2015. Sampling from 4 stations was performed using Van vin Garb (0.04 m2) in triplicates. The average total density of Polychaetes (±sd) was 226.04±193.06 per square meter. 21 families, 28 genera and 39 species were identified. The Cossuridae family had the highest frequency (38.8%). The highest average of Margalef index recorded in station 1 (4.6) and those lowest in station 2 (2.8). Regarding Shannon index, the maximum and minimum value were recorded in station 3 (2.7) and station 1 (2.2), respectively. The results of multivariate CAP analysis showed the effective relationship between environmental parameters and dominant Polychaetes. It was found that Aglaophamus malmgreni was the indicator species of station 4 in all seasons and the most important parameters affecting the distribution of this species were TOM, Silt and NO3. It was also shown that Cossura longocirrata is the dominant species of station 2 in spring and the amount of oxygen and increasing its concentration showed a close relationship with the distribution Pattern of this species in the presence of the predominant presence of Prionospio steenstrupi at the same station in summer. Chlorophyll a was as an effective factor in distribution of this species. In the case of Cossura spp. and Nephtys spp. It was found that higher temperature with high concentration of PO4 and at the same time the species are resistant to oxygen deficiency and finally PO4 was identified as the most important factor affecting the distribution of Prionospio banyulensis as the dominant species in stations 1 and 3. The results showed Tiab Estuary with high biodiversity, balanced distribution of Polychaets and dominant sensitive species to pollution and environmental stress and the fluctuation of Polychaete communities is influenced by seasonal fluctuations and quality of water and sediment parameters in this aquatic ecosystem.

The peculiarity, structure and connectedness of security in the Persian Gulf region have caused the formation of network of security among the countries of the region. Therefore, the security of countries of this region cannot be separated from each other. Each development and change in the condition of one of the countries affects other countries as well. On its turn this will lead to the formation of complex or “securityregional subset” in the region. On the other hand this will lead to “mutual security dependence” among the members of this complex. In this way one has to accept that confronting the threats and challenges in the region should first be done with the presence of all the members of the complex and in the second stage facing these challenges will only be possible by a collective action by all the states of this complex and within the framework of collective security management.

Persian Gulf has always been concerned due to its geo-economic and geo-strategic position. Increasing the consumption of world energy simultaneously faced with decreasing of oil reserves in other parts of world let to the importance of Persian Gulf as a major center for world energy demand. Energy has a direct impact on the economic growth, welfare and national security of all countries and the U.S.A. as a big consumer of world energy will be influenced by all changes due to supplying of it. From this point of view, accessing to a safe and continuous energy supply will be vital to the interests of the W.S.A. government.On the other hand, the role of energy is not ignorable in the structure of security of Persian Gulf. Oil plays a major role in the political stability, welfare and finally the maintenance of Persian Gulf countries.While security has a basic and major role for Producers and consumers of energy, especially the U.S. government, the article attempts to analyze the relationship between energy and security in the Persian Gulf region. Its aim is to present a Pattern for participated security for benefits of all Persian Gulf countries regarding present facts.

The aim of This study is to estimate the flow of trade in the Persian Gulf region using panel data regression over the period 2000-2015, and to simulate the regions’ trade flow until 2025. Based on the estimated results, the role of variables such as the price of crude oil, GDP, oil exports was more important, than the role of variables such as exchange rate, population and production in the region's trading partners in explaining the flow of trade. Based on the simulations in different scenarios, the volume of trade in the Persian Gulf region is forecasted between 1, 500 and 1, 900 billion dollars up to 2016 horizon. On the other hand, the trade balance of the region will be between 450 and 650 billion dollars, between 44 and 58 percent of total oil exports. In general, this research indicates that the dependence of the region's trade flow on the exports of oil, so that any change in the position of oil in the global market affects the region’ commercial development. On the other hand, the existence of this volume of business turnover in the region can be considered as the basis for logistic planning to create employment and income.